Homosexuality

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #19 EDF2085 (Homosexuality)

What is homosexuality? Is it a choice, a matter of genetic imbalance or can it be biologically related? For several years the topic of homosexuality has dominated the media in addition caused much chaos among humanity. The issues underline the subject of been gays may be greeted with behaviors similar to that of prejudicial rejection. But these prejudices are as a result of how individuals were cultured and socialized. Individual built up rejective behaviors because accepted conventions are been violated. For me I grew up in a Christian home that upholds the principles of the bible and within the scriptures are found rejections to homosexual behaviors. From a Christian perspective one is taught to love the person but not the sins of the person. Hence in this light I am somewhat tolerant to the person but not the act or the behavior of homosexuality. However growing up in a homophobic community has influenced my overall stigma to the issue of homosexuality. This however has not influenced me to any extreme behaviors of discrimination.

From my point of view we were all given choices, choices that include making wrong or right decisions. We all as human make our preferred choices at times some of which we later deal with the consequences that arise from it. For the religious, there are guidelines for which to follow in doing what is right. Now, these guidelines include the attitudes towards our fellow brothers and sister, attitudes of hate and jealousy is prohibited but yet these behaviors are cherished by the Christians. No greater is the decision of homosexuality than that of the decisions of hate and jealousy of the Christians. Yet these are all decisions that have there consequences. Thou shall not kill, but many have abortion. Love thy neighbor’s as thy self, but yet we hate. From a Christian point of view, homosexuality is a sin, and the act should be discouraged, but at the same time there should be no homophobia behaviors. That’s the view I share. I respect everyone’s decision knowing that the final judgment is not my responsibility.

Yes the reading have impacted the way I think about homosexuality, I often wonder if this is a choice or biological issue. I have witness homosexual behaviors among non-human animals; are these animals acting out of choice or this behavior is biologically related.

Reflection #18 EDF2085

Samantha Clarke

Reflection #18 EDF2085 “Tale of Two Island”

As I read the article entitled tale of two Islands, I am lead to believe that this issue was a deliberate twist on the laws of the country by officials. How it is that one country enjoys the privilege of that which another is deprived of? Is this institutional racism? Is it discrimination? Its unbelievable how this deliberate twist took place right in front of everyone’s yes. It seems to me that the relative authority changes the law to suit one ethnic group and at the same time deny another the same. The issue with the Haitians and the Cubans is one peculiar one which many are shy of calling out rightly discrimination. The law states that a refugee that is fleeing his/her country due to political hardship could come to America and amnesty would be provided for such a person.

The term institutional racism refers to the discrimination occurring within the governmental body not limited to universities or cooperation’s. When this type of racism gets thus far it is the hardest type to combat. To closely look at the situation with the Haitians who is fleeing their country because of political and economic hardship; they are well qualified for asylum in the USA just like the Cubans. But one may ask the question is this a problem of color or justice? What is good for one is not good for the other?

Reflection #17

Samantha Clarke

Reflection #17 Race and Racism

The subject race and racism is one topic that dominates our society for centuries and can be a very sensitive topic for many individuals especially those who were victims of the negative aspects of race and racism. When the term race is used it is often referring to the biological aspects of individuals as a group or ethnic group. Features such as skin color the most controversial, shape of the eyes or color and hair texture. However these characteristics are not constant and are subject to change due to shifts in social and historical circumstances. The term racism may be defined as any race-base discrimination, oppression or violence. However racism has been portrayed in a negative light for decades and there are still difficulties and drawbacks when it comes to the topic of racism.

Racism comes in all forms, shapes and size. After learning about the rejective behaviors of prejudice and how prejudice is formed I now see the logic behind such horrific behaviors that comes with being racist. I have the opportunity to study and learn about racial discrimination which entails the behavior of treating people differently due to their differences. Racism also include

Emmitt Till's "MURDA"

I must first express my grief of such horrifying brutality. My sincere condolences go out to the family of Emmett Till. To act is such barbaric and ruthless manner is the evil of racism drenched with hatred, superiority and injustice. This is definitely an act of murder one that should have never been allowed to go unpunished. These are some of the issues that lead to prejudice and rivals or revenge and genocide. If I have not been introduced to the issues of diversity, prejudice and racism I am sure I wouldn’t be able to handle this pain I am feeling right now. I pray that this case does not repeat itself and definitely not in the fashion it was handled in the court. With sufficient evidence the court still ruled the murderers not guilty? White supremacy and Injustice the sole act of inferiority. How did the U.S ever arrive at the present justice system?

Many might have said why did they even attempted to take this case to court when they knew they had no chance of winning but even though it was unjustly dealt with it has open many doors that encouraged African Americans to stand for what is right. Many believed that this is what really sparked the civil rights movement. But something had to. I am happy we are able to move from such intense issue to being more civilize and the effort that is now been placed on acceptance and tolerance.

Reflection #16 EDF2085

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #16 EDF2085
Genocide and ethnic cleansing.

The term genocide refers to the planned or systematic process of the execution or killing of an entire group, whether it is an ethnic, religious or political group. While on the other hand ethnic cleansing refers to an intentional effort made to force or intimidate a group to evacuate a particular region. An example of this can be seen in Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur which will elaborate on later in the reflection. Ethnic cleansing and genocide should not be used interchangeably because they are not the same.

The act of genocide and ethnic cleansing occurred in Rwanda in 1994 as a result of revenge taken by one ethnic group on another. Rwanda comprised of two main groups the Hutu and the Tutsis. The Hutu’s been the majority but was dominated by the Tutsis who were the aristocrats at the time under the leadership of Belgian colonial rule; they exploited to Hutus and took their peasants which had lead to the chaos of ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda. After the independence from Belgium, a quest for revenge was employed by the Hutu who regain power and returned the acts of injustice on the Tutsis. This has lead to numerous killings resulting in almost a million people.

The act of genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia was also as a result of revenge where one group performs acts of violence on the other after their government was put out of power. This rival in Bosnia was influence by particular leader fanning the flame of long past problems which illuminates new chaos and acts of violence between the Serbs and Muslims. Serbs who were the minority, reports that they were mistreated by the Muslims who were the majority. In times to come Serbs and Jews were targeted and thousands were killed in concentration camps. This rival later ends up with Serbs killing thousands of their opponents which marks a mass genocidal act. Darfur on the other hand was also as a result revenge and this chaos resulted in mass murders that caught the attention of the international eyes. Many were also killed and this was a combination of both ethnic cleansing and genocide.

Reflection #19 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #19 EDF1005 From Dame schools to Public High Schools

Dame Schools exist in the medieval times of education. These schools were private elementary type schools that were run by women often of no substantial educational back ground. The focal point of these schools was to function as a daycare center. However the teaching and learning process was centered on learning how to spell and a negligible amount learned mathematics and grammar. Dame Schools became extinct in Britain due to the introduction of compulsory education which requires specific standards to be met.

Like most medieval society, formal education was structured for men and the women’s place was in the home. Even then, Americans valued education and hence the influence of the law passed in Massachusetts Bay that all communities with fifty or more families will have to hire a teacher. However schools remain private with great emphasis on literacy. It is important to know that at one point the U.S had one of the highest literacy rates at the time. While education was booming in the 1800’s some African American was afforded to opportunity to be educated while their counter parts in the southern states were deprived of an education due to the fact that enslaved blacks were prohibited to literacy.

By the end of the 1800’s teachers received some type of formal education to meet the requirements of normal schools which were elementary schools. It was not until after the American Civil War that the south offered universal public education. Then by the late 1870 free elementary education was established. Even though this was seen as a great stride for education the issue of segregation arises in all schools and then later span over to all public facilities. As the need for education arises, local schools received tax dollars and this was extended to parochial schools as well. Parochial schools were Christian school that taught both Christian principles and the regular curriculum. Over the years many controversies and concerns influences officials to limit or prohibit founding of Christian schools. This was due to the fact that some thought they were potential avenues for social segregation.

By the twenty first century education was seen as a major route to greater economic development. This new emphasis paved the way for the education of youths in the twenty first century, and set the nation significantly apart from its counterpart. It is said that this achievement was due to the diversity of newly introduced concepts such as openness, public founding, separation of state and church just to name a few. I highly appreciate these strides and openly welcome the ongoing process of educational development.

Reflection #15 EDF2085 Holocaust

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #15 EDF2085 Holocaust

There are many denial regarding the holocaust, regardless of the countless evidence that have been forthcoming. There are still many who today say that the holocausts never happen. Do I believe that this barbaric act took place? Yes I do. Even today there a lot of people who have not heard of the incident. Holocaust is generally defined as the genocide of the Jewish group. In addition to this race, there are also other groups who were destroyed; these include people with disabilities, Jehovah Witness and other religious groups. This ruthless act was lead by Adolf Hitler and his army. These innocent people were taken from their homes and community under false pretence I assume and was lead down a rather destructive path. They were lead into slavery and was literal starved and beaten to death. They faced a rather harsh living condition; they were isolated and treated as animal. What would lead one person to commit such devious act? It is as a result of prejudice, discrimination and the greed for power and superiority.

This might have seems to happen many years ago, and many thought that this might not happen ever again in history. But one have to be careful of turning a blind eye to such devilish acts. In our society today, it often seems that the pursuit for individualism is on the rise. Every one is about protecting their own. Everyone has become so materialistic and completion is rather a valued and cherished way of getting ahead. This can be one way in which a genocidal act might repeat itself. The claim to make a perfect society has lead to an unlawful act of genocide. However Hitters act was a act of hatred for Jews and he did stated that as soon as he was in power he would exterminate all Jews. By the 1933, Jews were restricted of their social rights, they also passed law to eliminated Jews from official offices. Jews were not allowed to go to school, own farms or work in any offices of the country. My question to this is, why didn’t someone attempted to do something about this at the time?

Reflection #18 EDF1005 Education as a vehicle to improve society.

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #18 EDF1005 Education as a vehicle to improve society.

We have emerged from a rather uncivilized world to one with much sophistication and advance technologies. We have moved from using stones as knives, and beans and scrolls as source of record keeping to the use of the latest technology gadgets. These are just a few examples of how far education has moved our further from the past to the present. Education is definitely a vehicle to improving society. Education is the foundation of all society; it influences economic wealth, social privileges and stabilizes the nation politically. It is through education that people have been able to emancipate themselves from mental slavery to a much independent determination for reaching the bench mark of success. One can evidently see the contrasts between a country that is empowered by education and one that is lead by illiteracy. If it had not been for education there would still be the lack of advances in our health care system, security system and many other areas such as transportation and communication.

Most surely education has brought much destruction to the environment, leading to the so-called global warming, overpopulation and pollutions. Regardless of these disadvantages, education has more positive than negatives. When we look at how far prejudice and racism have come today we can raise our hats to the fact that education has been one of the most significant agent of helping to eradicate an enormous amount of these cherished attitudes. A better education also means a better job and a better job means sustainability for a group or family. Education raises social standards and this means less crime and violence and more coherence living. It is through education that many inventions and advances have come alive. It is through education that we are able to have an educated body of people who over sees and make educated decision on behalf of our people and country. Education also involves the transition of knowledge to practical use. It occurs from birth to adulthood and continues throughout life. Education can be learned directly and indirectly, regardless of how education has been acquired it is for the improvement of the individual and the society.

Reflection #17 EDF1005 Education in New England and the United States.

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #17 EDF1005 Education in New England and the United States.

Education in America is as a result of many influential societies. Most or all of the legacy that impacted the American way of life are as a result of migration and the tendency to excel through progressivism. America has experienced an influx of diversity over the years which have also helped to influence it’s education system. Without no doubt one can say that regardless of America’s success today much of I is owed to its immigrants. In earlier years due to economic hardship and the desperate need to escape persecution many people migrated to America. This was the start of revolution in a scene. The Puritans, who migrated from England due to religious persecutions, have significantly helped to shape America into what it is today. These were a people with strong Christian beliefs and moral values. They believed that a strong relationship with God was important and that everything they do should be in accordance with his will.

It is these beliefs that America’s foundations were built on. Their politics, education and religion have been greatly influenced as a result. Jan Amos Comenius who is of European descend had his hand in the reformation of education and was the first to put pictures in textbooks. He later influence science by encouraging European scientist to record their knowledge and goals which later became the encyclopedia, also known as the encyclopedia of education. This was done because he wanted knowledge to be universal. He also gave women a voice by advocating for their freedom to be educated.

American education now compared to colonial New England differ in that, back then education in England was religious based and the poor were able to go to school through a system called the Free School. Now in America school has moved away from been religious based and are now more inclined to acceptance and tolerance. Students were expected to attended school until they were fourteen, at first school were not mandatory in America but as time went by and the need for a more educated society increase school became mandatory. Teacher training now is rather rigorous and the need for various testing was introduced. Discrimination is still present whether it is subtle or not seen, however they have come a long way and is still working to improve these issues.

Reflection #14 EDF2085 Prejudice

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #14 EDF2085 Prejudice

It is scary to say I grew up rather absent minded and was subject just to taking orders and not questioning what was said to be done. If I was asked in earlier years if I was prejudice my answer then would be no. This would be a rather naïve answer after becoming aware that we as humans, are in some way shape or form has some prejudice down inside of us. Prejudice goes way beyond the color of our skin and our social class. It entails such elements as denying another, hating, despising, avoidance, stereotyping and the experience of some discomfort. This internal conflict that causes us to develop these stigmas may be referred to as prejudice. May of these barriers is installed when we were growing up as children. We were taught basic values and attitudes by our parents, who in addition to this, teaches us the basic norms of the culture whether directly or indirectly. We were thought many myth of which is perceived to be fact and in return these believes grew with us and is later projected onto any element that is viewed differently from that which we hold as truth. Some of what or most of what we learn as facts were not investigated or challenged, and hence when confronted with facts we go in stage of denial.

Prejudice is often caused by a group or sub-group attempting to protect their own. It is often an unintended and unconscious response that was never intended to hurt anyone but to protect what they think is right and acceptable. On the other hand however simple this may seem, prejudice is rather a complex mater. It takes hard work and persistence to eradicate the impulses of prejudice. This process is encountered with the resistance to accept truth, and the deep rooted beliefs of what we once thought to be true. In the society that we are living in today, is the existence of many prejudice however with the effort to reduce these problem we are like to face less prejudicial issue. The results of prejudice can and have been very ruthless in earlier times; this is still a major problem among most groups and even countries today. It is recommended that each individual re-evaluate themselves and make a conscious effort to reduce whatever prejudice we may hold as our prized treasure.

Reflection #16 Rhetoric

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #16 Rhetoric

The interest of education emerged as the center of attraction was the excitement of learning Greek. The ability to speak Greek was the essence of showing off. Education was bilingual then and learning took place abstractly and through enunciation. Rhetoric is rather the use of the art of language to persuade a listener. The Romans adapted the rhetorician tradition from the Greeks and hence centered their education on such. It is a process that follow such techniques of debate where a statement is proposes after which a series of persuasive argument proceed. Rhetoric was almost like a fashion or a fancy play on words which would often seems misleading and or viewed as fable.

Rhetoric was imported from Greece and was used to give style and sophistication to the spoken and written language. Adults became rather fascinated with rhetoric which later became declamation. This popularity dominated schools and transformed the written word. Though popular and seemingly intellectual, rhetoric was rejected by Plato and Socrates as been unintellectual and without substance. Contrary to the remonstrates of Socrates and Plato, some sophist such as Isocrates encourage rhetoric and believe that it hold a rather emancipated and civilizing effects.

After passing through the Greeks to the Romans and then taken over by the Christian era, rhetoric became diluted and rather famished. The Christians however embrace the use of rhetoric not in the Dionysus form but rather in a less secular way to bring across the written work in a more persuasive fashion. After been deprived of its real use, rhetoric became alive once more through the appreciation and use of metaphor in the twentieth century. This is now know as the new rhetoric. Rhetoric in education aided the use of language, the play on words were were of great importance but when used correctly can be viewed as an intellectual way of presenting information. High officials such as layers and government personnel became a living testimony of the use of rhetoric. Students were taught how to deliver well written speech with more emphasis on enunciation. When used correctly, rhetoric argument can lead to greater truth. It is a useful tool today for lawyers and many public speakers.

Reflection #15 EDF1005 Athens and Rome

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #15 EDF1005 Athens and Rome

The difference between ancient Athenians Education and Roman Education
The crave for education in ancient Rome had lead to many advances and prestige. Their press for education has shaped many of our civilization, giving much bearings on education and politics. The fashion of their learning took place in a sophisticated abstract manner; which have fused many controversies and caused many paradigm shifts. Empires were in control of schools and the state showed great interest in education which had a significant impact on the society. However education was not an affordable commodity for the poor and there was no tax supported schools back then. Only the rich were able to attend. Never the less the poor were literate. Learning in Rome was an intense process, students learn in fear of getting whipped if they weren’t learning.

In Rome there were two main types of schools, one almost like what we call the elementary school, students attend at age eleven and learned to read write and do basis math. The next is an advance school that would teach speech communication and how to write. These schools were attended by only boys as the girls stayed home and learn home management. Contrary to this, girls who’s families are rich had a chance to be educated, this was done in the home and the basis of the content was the effective running of the kitchen and how to be a good wife.

Unlike Rome, education in Athens was more of a free for all. In earlier years almost anyone could afford the luxury of attending school. It was not until the more advance stages in education that calls for a more formal training that education became expensive due to the cost of books. The emphasis of education in ancient Athens was placed on areas of the arts. Citizens were trained to be effective in peace and war. Boys were not required to train in areas of military but was given the opportunity to venture into what their fathers thought was best. Boys attended school at about age six and the main focus was on gymnastics, learning to do dance moves and play games. The older boys were more into the advance games such as boxing, and wrestling. They also learned to reading and mathematics. Most of their learning was done through a process of memorization. Because formal education required the use of expensive books the poorer boys had to proceed to apprenticeship. It is through the formal school system that Plato, Aristotle and Isocrates taught.

Reflection #13 Understanding the self

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #13 Understanding the self

Understanding the self is a very complex process that many individual may never take the time out of their busy schedule to address. It calls for an honest judgment of who we really are and the maturity to accept who we are not. It is rather common for individual to wish they were someone else or to wish they were more beautiful of more athletically build. But, whatever the reason is most people allow their deficiency or lack to dictate what or who they become in life. Our self-concept and self-esteem is rather dependent on how we were socialized, this can very much shape who we become. Whether we accept it or not much of these attributes are as a result of culture, the way we were socialized by our families and the impact of our social environment. Though simple this may seems, as difficult as change is, so is it a difficult process to reinvent our-selves. But as we interact with our environment and with the aid of higher education, one’s perception may encounter a series of paradigm shifts, which may eventually leads to our transformation hopefully.

There are many ways through which we present ourselves to the public. Some of which are how we want the public to perceived us, how we are expected to be perceived and how we perceive ourselves. After reading this article I am encourage to reflect on my own life, something I often figured I need to do but for some reason I am afraid do so. It may be because I don’t want to go through the healing or fear is getting the better of me. At some point in our life it is important to ask and answer such questions as to who we are, where are we going and how are we going to get there. It is important to find who we are. Life can seems meaningless without the understanding of who we are and where we are going. As teachers in training, understanding who we are is rather an asset and one of the initial stages we should encounter in the process of becoming a teacher.

Reflection #14 EDF1005 Aristotle on Being

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #14 EDF1005 Aristotle on Being

Aristotle was concerned about the nature of living where he further organized organism in their respective types from life to lifeless. However he concluded that the human is significant among all the other beings due to the fact that they are able to reason. This organization of life to lifeless is what he calls the chain of being. He arrange these from the smallest to the largest starting with the worm and ends with the human. He concluded that the universe was perfect as well as his gain if being. In my opinion he was stamping out evolution in a sense when he says that the chain had no empty link and so it is impossible for a specie to be represented more than once. This way of thinking was spread thought out the western region until people moved away from this thinking to of evolution. However many still believes in Aristotle theory of being, which gave rise to the concept of creation. As I mention creation the thought of God came to me that Aristotle description of God seem to be the Supreme Being the Christian recognize. This God he says does not change, and that this God is all knowing. Aristotle’s theory did cause controversies and lead to few misunderstanding. However his work is still being used in some part of biology, schools and Christianity.

Aristotle also explored the realm of cause and hence developed four causes. When he speaks of cause he is not speaking of that which we refer to as cause and effect but to the purpose of a thing or the cause of a substance. So Aristotle’s four cause starts with the material cause this is the substance of what a thing is made of. Then there is the formal cause which is what the thing is suppose to be. Then there is the efficient cause what it is made to do and the fourth cause is the final cause which is the reason it was made for. He basically aim to explain the cause of thing and why they were formed and out of what they were formed.

Reflection #13 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #13 EDF1005 Plato’s Ideas and its impact on Western Education

Plato a student of Socrates went on a mission not only to continue his master’s work but also to establish his ideas as well. The influence Plato had on western education came about through his inspiration for challenging materialistic convention hence developing idealism. Idealism is a theory that’s based on absolute truth and not materialism (little effort is placed on ethical or spiritual matter but greatly indulge in wealth and material possession). The influence on education is that emphasis should be place on the development of character, personal discipline and the mind. As a result the person should be of good moral standing and literate. Plato encourages depth of learning an approach that takes in consideration teaching the whole instead of its parts.

Like Socrates, Plato believes that the best way for learning to takes place is through a dialectic approach where ideas are debated in order to come up with a conclusion of the truth. Hence the role of teachers should be a skillful questioner and a model for the person we want children to become. The true role of the teacher is to help students comprehend ideas of information conveyed to them. Plato idea is that while teachers are not always present when learning is taking place they should aim at simulating the learner so learning will take place anyway. Plato also believed that we were born ignorant and those who overcame this ignorance has a responsibility to help the others to become enlightened. Therefore in the western society educators responsibility was to raise self awareness and to help the ignorant to attain knowledge.

Not only did Plato left his mark on real learning, he also played a significant role in his work of form. Plato speaks of the abstract entity and the immortal soul. He continues to say that the soul is immortal and that it exists before we were born. Hence he says that all that we know is a recollection of what we already knew before we were born. Plato impacted education by the influence of thinking abstractly, for the search of a grater truth not subjected to human experience but to the immortal form.

Reflection #12 EDF2085

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #12 EDF2085

The founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud attempted to explain the forces behind what we do and the reason why we do them. In his quest he came up with what he calls the two main drives that inspire all our thoughts, emotion and behavior. These are the sex and aggression with the more formal term added to them Eros and Thanatos in other words life and death. According to Freud sex signify the means by which we preserve our blood line and aggression is a means by protecting or fighting off harm as a means of surviving. These he continues is not merely the sexual act and the act of aggression but under one heading is the force that push us to survive, procreate and prevent others from harming or elimination their existence. Am I driven to get a college degree because I want to be attracted to the opposite sex? I don’t think so. But according to Freud we do this for the purpose of attracting the opposite sex hence the drive behind this is a sex drive.

Even though there are some controversies towards Freud’s theory of psychosexual development most of his concept have been proven to be true. Like the Id stage were the child is inconsiderate to other and more concern with wanting what it needs now. This really describes that early stage and the fact that everything is about the pleasure of the mouth. I can remember with my daughter, during that stage she was more concerned with putting stuff into her mouth. If she needed food she would cry and not only that everything that comes her way she would put in her mouth. This Freud relate to as the oral stage, where the child finds gratification in satisfying the mouth.

According to Freud, the sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche determines their personality. He continues to say that these are as a result of a certain body part, these are the mouth referred to as the erogenous zones, the anus and the genital area. These three stages seem to proceed in stages, as one stage has to be solved in order to progress to the next stage. These stages also determine and individuals personality. Most of Freud’s theory sound a little of but seems logical in a sense. I believe it’s a structural way to analyze personality.

Reflection #11 EDF 2085

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #11 EDF 2085
Values, Beliefs and Attitude

Beliefs are about what we think reality is. It is the basis of what directs our life. Whether we have a good or bad life depends on our belief. It is this belief that help to shape our values and attitudes. Beliefs develop as a result of a culture utamawazo which directly affect the initial stage or process by which a person develop their thoughts and behavior depending on their culture and socialization. This belief does not have to be necessarily true or morally correct, and may never change if a person refuses to question his or her belief as to whether what they were taught has any truth to it. But as we interact with the world where different types of thoughts and behaviors are exchange, our beliefs are often subject to change. But what really influences these changes? Do we readily accept new ideas as they come along? It is important as a teacher to recognize that a belief can either be negative or positive. A teacher has to be mindful not to project his/her decision or perception on another without validating or taking in consideration others and their belief. As a teacher it is important to have an open mind in order to be able to accept and tolerate different ideas and thoughts and in the process adjust if needs be.

Another important aspect of the reading that caught my attention is the fact that our values are dependent on our belief. In other words how I deal with stress, decisions and my attitude towards others are directly dependent on my beliefs. This is so important because one will tend to fall into prejudice without being aware or on the other hand knowingly engage in bias. Does one have control over what they have come to believe? I think only after interacting and allowing the self to be transformed. As a teacher it is important to be able to go through a process of transformation, as what you think can impact the students in the classroom. I have learnt that it is important as a teacher to evaluate our beliefs from time to time because what we think will limit our success in the classroom. In other words my beliefs will put my values and attitude at stake.

Reflection #10 Teaching for inclusion

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #10 Teaching for inclusion

As we interact with the teaching and learning environment there are an enormous amount of issues to be conscious of as it relates to multiculturalism. In the classroom teachers has to be aware of the vast number of difference he/she will be faced with each day. As a result I encourage all teachers to get familiar with different cultures and strategies in teaching these students. It is important that teachers take in consideration the fact that in a diverse classroom instruction should be geared at accommodating each student. This includes but is not limited to Assessments, Classroom activities and discussion, Grading scheme and writing guidelines.

While I am not against inclusion I am particularly interested in the strategies of dealing with the reality in the classroom. When I first heard the term inclusion the thought came to my mind, “oh my God can I do this?” I knew there are positive outcome or I have heard of positive outcomes for students in inclusion classes, but to what extend will teachers be able to cope. Then when I saw the heading strategies for inclusion, I gained some hope. Teaching for diversity means teaching to the individual. A good way in learning this is to take inconsideration each learners learning style. It is vital to remember that each individual is unique and that they all bring with them different personalities and background experiences.

When working with diversity, it is easy to be misunderstood which leads to someone been offended. Never assume that a person needs extra help unless they ask for it. Be cautious as to the extent of humor and make sure to guide controversial discussions. When planning classroom instructions, be sure to create a lesson that will encourage interactions among groups as a way to limit segregation in the class. As a teacher of the twenty first century, I am required to be open minded. As I read and learn about the different culture and the differences among individuals, my thought process toward these issues are changing. I will not be reluctant in remembering that change is a difficult process and no one really wants to step out of their comfort zone and make adjustment. However, how hard this may seem it would be a good investment for teachers in training.

Reflection #9 EDF2085

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #9 EDF2085
Awareness and Consciousness

As I read this week’s reading I became particularly interested in what each writer has to say about the subject, Awareness. The reading gave a wide variety of definitions for the terms Awareness and Consciousness which is either based on perception or experience of an individual. The article also aim at making clear the scientific aspects of one writer’s experience ( Metta Zetty ) who had a dream and then suddenly came to the conclusion that she had a pure transformation even after she became conscious the next day. Based on the enormity of the definitions given for the term I am convince of the complexity of the subject. However I must agree with Metta Zetty who define awareness as, and I paraphrase, Awareness is the scaffold by which all consciousness and experience emerged. It is the essence of existence. It remains constant even when the faculties of the mind are engulfed with its various activities.

Awareness in my opinion could mean fear, and on the other hand it could mean strength. When one became aware of a factor it also mean that you are conscious of it as well. For example, if there was a gossip floating around about a particular course in college, everyone is saying how hard it is to pass that class, you in return may end up failing that class because of what you are now aware. However on the other hand this could be a point of strength in that you are aware that this course may be difficult and in turn study very hard to ensure that you pass. Even though this example is just a minute aspect of awareness to me it signifies the underlineing concept of been aware. Say there was no gossip then there might have been no fear of passing the course or it might have took you by surprise.

My knowledge on physics is very limited, which might lead me to question many things, however I do appreciate its sophistication in explaining the complexity of a substance and what it entails and how they correlate. Based on what is said it seems to me that all forms are related and interdependent on another. The breath I exhaled today might be inhaled by another tomorrow, in some other part of the world? Interesting! Then came consciousness which is referred to as just one of the levels of awareness. Consciousness gives clarity to the quality of the mind, it is mental. A good distinction is the state of being awake and asleep. Consciousness gives the choice of making informed decisions through been aware.
How can this information aid the potentials of the future teacher? It is through awareness and consciousness that we make good and unbiased decisions. As the future teachers of tomorrow situated in a multicultural society there is an enormous number of things we have to become aware and conscious of. It is through this basis that we are transformed.

Reflection #12 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #12 EDF1005
Sputnik effect on American Education

The Sputnik launch was one of fear and surprise for the American and significantly impacted their education system. The Sputnik was the first artificial satellites launch on October 4, 1954 that lead the American to feel vulnerable. This launch initiated a space race that eventually created space shuttles and the occupation of space station. It would seems though that the U.S had valid reason for not creating the first satellite as they were not about doing this as an hobby but for a more viable reason. However after sputnik was launched many took interest in the new development and financially supported education and satellite projects.

The launch of sputnik created a revolutionary education reform. The U.S found it self among the most powerful nation on earth after the World War-ll. They reconstructed global economy and rank education as important in further development. However after sputnik the nations school was reformed to meet new scientific and technological challenges. The national Defense Education Act (NDEA) was passed, and this was mainly to ensure security of the nation and to develop intellectual and technological skills of students both male and female. This lead to the funding and development of instruction, curriculum, teacher training programs and scholarships for college students. They encouraged subject areas that are important to the nation’s defense. These includes but not limited to subjects such as mathematics and the sciences, reading and technology.

The launching of sputnik affected U.S education because they were lacking adequate studies in fields such as the sciences. They always thought they were one step ahead but this took them by surprise. They felt rather vulnerable and fearful as this could create a defense controversy. It affected them because they were not prepared to handle the technological advances and found rather that their education system needed much improvement to meet such demand. It engages the U.S in the great space race with the Soviet Union each trying to accomplish the greatest or best creation in exploring space. It includes activities such as sending man to the moon, creating space satellites and exploring outer space. This created the increase in space technology for military and moral pursuit.

Reflection #11 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #11 EDF1005
Socrates impact on Western Education


How did Socrates ideas impact modern western education? As ancient as it might seems, the ideas of Socrates is a driving force that significantly impacted modern western education. His most significant contribution to western education might have been the elenchus method. This is a debate that produces a form of inquiry between individuals that hold opposing view that produce a form of questioning and answering in which to stimulate rational thinking and to shed light on new ideas. It is often that Socrates would bring no conclusion or positive advice but rather stirs up confusion. This however had its positive impact on the individuals as it would lead them to questioning and the search for greater knowledge. This genus started out with little or no knowledge of the subject but at the end ended up with a wealth of information. He was envied by many and as a result was put to death for violations. But even though he was put to death his influence lived on and might have given rise to many inventions and new information.
Various countries have developed a Socratic Method often independently but this method has now been adopted by many in our schools today. Teachers are now challenged to encourage critical thinking in the classrooms today. Taking into perspective the direct teaching instruction where teachers are the ones to produce, manage and give instruction and information. Do you think this method enhances learning to it’s maximum as do the constructivist instruction that is rather close to the Socratic Methods? In my opinion, no. When students are challenge to think, not only do they learn more but they develop a love for information and learning.
Socrates ideas encourages individuals to try new things and ideas that might have been made redundant because of set paradigms. It is an important method practice in the modern law schools. His ideas was not only important to education but also to human in general. He sheds light on happiness which he termed as moral excellence. He sets the stage as to what it truly mean to be happy. This I am in agreement with because no matter what material possession you have, it does not make you happy. It’s like the teaching profession, you are really happy when you know that you have done something virtuous, definitely not the salary. Even though there are many controversies Socrates had positive influence on education which is still dominant today.

Reflection #10 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #10 EDF1005
The teacher as the gatekeeper
The teacher as the gate keeper signifies control. The teacher as the gatekeeper signifies order. The teacher as the gatekeeper signifies permission. As I reflect on my years in school, I remember where the teacher was the one in charge of what I was to learn that day. She would often tell the class when to take their books out and what and when to write. She would also instruct us on when to take small rest; when to speak and when to do just about everything. As I read the book Teacher School and Society I can identify with what the author is saying. Teacher initiate about 85% of the question in the class, I can also identify with much of the time wasting or business of the teacher.
In the teaching profession there has been very good strategies but there are also some loop holes. In the case where much time is spent by the teacher being busy taking care of handing out books or whatever the case may be; there need to be more planning as to what the students should be doing while this is taking place. It is important that students spent their time in school productively as this can lead to idleness or the loss of interest in school. Students should be given much time to interact and develop independence in learning. Even though teachers are acting in the best interest of the student it is important for them to recognize these miniature flaws. While they are often over looked they are often crucial and detrimental to some student’s ability.
The teacher as the gatekeeper are often time give the opportunity to make decisions based on assumption about students learning pattern. This is often time done without the consideration that their might me students with different learning styles. As a result students may be directed to a particular path at an early stage without getting the chance to make such precious decision for themselves. I remember when I was going to school they had a bright class and a dunce class. These children were seen as students who cannot learn and often time much attention was not given to them. They were some time mocked by other students about been in a dunce class. As a result of this students can think less of themselves and in the long run develop low self-esteem.

Reflection #9 EDF1005

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #9 EDF1005 (First School VS Ancient Egyptian Education)
The structure and development of school has change drastically over the years. The first school unlike today was developed in Samaria as a result of the cuneiform system of writing which most significantly contributed to civilization. While on the other hand in Ancient Egypt school emerged as a way to educated sons of priest and people with high status. In this article I will compare the reading of the First School and Ancient Egyptian Education. I will also express my thoughts on teacher effectiveness then and now.
The First School of Samaria was established on a basis of economic development, and schools were more for professional development. Small inscribed coins were used to keep records of most of the Samarian economic life. There were also records of study and practice found as early as 3000BC. The school was mainly focus on teaching scribes for economic development and administration demand of the land. Over the years, the school has become the center of learning. This entailed a wide variety of studied field such as Theology, Zoology, Mathematics and grammar and these are just a few. After being educated, many scribes’ serves in the temple while others devote themselves to teaching and learning. Needless to say only the wealthy was able to afford to educate their children. Students learn through memorizing information by repeating stuff, and learning was based on memory.
In ancient Egypt learning took place at an initial stage as a child. Children often model their parents or adult and at this stage they were actually learning skill to be used as an adult. They were taught the trade of their parents and were not able to choose profession freely. Adults thought them the culture, rituals and other moral values. Prince and princesses were formally educated while those of less social status were taught skill or other home management duties. Like The First School, Ancient Egypt scribes were taught through memorizing information, which was done through a rigorous process.
Today there are more opportunity to get an education in most parts of the world. However teaching and learning techniques are changing each to accommodate different learners. There are more resources and tools to assist in teaching a lesson hence, it can be said that teaching is more effective than in ancient time. Students are now given an opportunity to visualize certain key concepts which as a result enhance their learning ability. I would assume that students with learning disabilities had no place in their system of learning. Teacher are able to develop skills in enhancing students with different learning style which reflect some aspect of effectiveness.

Reflection #8 EDF2085 Socialization

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #8 EDF2085 Socialization

The term socialization from the point of view of the anthropologies and the socialist is the set norms a person or group learned as a result of what is expected of them to be accepted or loyal to that particular group. In addition to this there are many agents that influence the process of socialization, some of which are parents, school and the media. Parents play a vital role in setting the stage for children views of their social status. Automatically there is certain outcome that is expected of a child depending on their social class. This may influence whether they graduate from high school or college, or what they will eventually be in life.

A child may be socialized directly or indirectly. Often time a child may well know their social status t by observing how hard their parent work, or by their economic and educational status. This may also be evident when compared to others around. However the parent well know their social status and may gear a child to work hard at school to achieve good grade so they can go to college and get a good paying job. The parent may also on the other hand be ignorant to these issues and as a result these values are not instilled in the child. Parents may also have different life styles and education outcome which may assist a child in understanding their social class.

The media have shone some negative light on many area of social class. It is often thought that a poor person has no worth or they are looked down on. They want to tell you how to look, what to wear and how to do just about everything. I must also say that the media has become to pilot of the popular culture and many have become passengers of such indulging unrealistic flights. It as set rule and guideline for different classes and subtle barrier are built before you are aware. They invite themselves in the faculties of the mind without an invitation or a courtesy call, and needless you reject because it has become a mandate.

Gender and sexuality has been associated to stereotype for as long as forever. In our society today, or as popular culture has it women are baby makers and should do as thus says the man. There are many though shall not’s on the part of women as if to say they are some mundane robots. On the other hand, sexuality, the great big subject, is left up to choices but for whom to choose. I guess we all have our choices right?

commenting on intelligence is just a number

Based on my understanding the poem draws attention to the inequitable assumption and conclusions drawn by some so called influential group or persons who determines who are intelligent and who are not. It also shows the power of white supremacy that influence the outcome of the black people; but as the years passed and knowledge enriched the black there came many paradigm shift and who were thought to be intelligent may now not be . It speaks to the degree of racism and segregation , injustice and oppression imposed on minority.

Commenting on true love

Its amazing how a single song or singer can inspire the way we see love. While some of these song are based on true stories some are fiction and often time cause others to set high hopes in finding love. The poem highlights the path of love and how it can lead to a joyous feeling or sometimes emotional devastation. According to the poem, true love is felt and shared. Love can cause you to become blind to certain issue in the relationship. You may end up looking for a fairytale love if you are influenced by song writers.

commenting on rain drops

The poem depicts the hidden delicacies of a man’s emotion which is often suppress as a result of societal influences. It is often though that men should not cry or should not show emotion, but it should be noted that these suppression can erupt like a missile. The reality though is that men do cry and more often this is done as a result of broken relationships.

Comment on casual look

Is it love at first sight? A casual look could bring much detriment depending on the end you stand. For the receiver it’s that twitch that you feel by just that look. But to the giver the meaning could be a lot, I love you, or I love you not. It was a thing in those days to fall in love at first sight by just a casual look. Needless to say many made commitment that some time ruins their lives or some live happily ever after (yea right) there is no such thing. ‘Teeth and tongue must meet’:-) 

Reflection #7 EDF2085 Importance of rites of passage

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #7 EDF2085
Importance of rites of passage

Rites of passage signifies the process of passing from childhood to manhood. It is a stage where all childish behaviors and attitudes should be forgotten. Regardless of your culture or where you are from every one participate in the rites of passage. Some country celibate your sixteenth birthday and this should signify that you are now an adult. While some may start at a later or earlier age. Rites of passage can be a very rigorous process depending on the culture. Regardless of culture the rites of passage actually take you from your present group or stage and prepares you for a new stage, and then re-entered at this new stage into society. During this time each individual will form their own paradigms and prepare themselves for the future.

In Sambia regular fellatio is practiced as their rites of passage from youth to man. They are literally forced to perform these rituals in order to complete the process of becoming a man. In addition to this they are though the secret of the tribe which their life is threatened if they should discloses this to a female. In Sambia this was a sacred act, that has been passed down from ancestor to ancestors. The youth will be taught by elder men for many years.

In Mt. Kenya the boys are circumcised and the girls female section is carefully dissected. This is preceded by a series of ceremony and special diet in the latter end. The girls were to be pure meaning no sexual activity, for this reason she is put through a series of interrogation for the purpose of confession. If she is sexually active a special purification is done to before the initiation process. All these rituals are done to ensure the passage of rites.

Formal education is a form of rites of passage. The process from childhood the start of school is another form of passage. However when student have been through a series of learning, from high school through to college they are in an initiation process. At graduation, students enter the society as well prepared men and women. Formal education can be view as a rites of passage in this sense, which is common to most European countries.

Reflection #8 EDF1005 The Three Wave of Education Reform

Samantha Clarke

Reflection #8 EDF1005

The Three Wave of Education Reform

Education has been through many stages of development throughout the years. This is due to the increased innovative development and societal development. There have also been many critics to this process and still yet, a perfect system has not emerged. It is said that education is the backbone of any nation but so often the issue of education have been put on the back burner. Low and behold, a comparison was made proving that American students have been doing very poorly in comparison to other underdeveloped or industrialized countries. Not only are they scoring far less on nation test but way below average when it comes to science and mathematics.

The first wave came around in that schools are being viewed as national defense and economic competition. Also there were increased demanded for employees to have basic reading and mathematics skills and for the military to have well trained personnel in the field of technology to combat the increasing sophisticated equipment. Hence the urgent need for the raising of standardized testing and national standards. Students were put through rigorous training and the demand for regular testing for both teachers and students became the center focus. In this first stage many important factor got overlooked and the main issue was the pointing out low performing students, teachers and schools.

After recognizing the unrealistic effort of the new curriculum, around 1980 educators attempt to make basic changes to the curriculum; stating that students should cover fewer topics but study them more in dept. Improvement for qualified teachers and better pay was also an issue that was on the agenda and the strengthening of the role of the principal. Teacher had little control over school and poor academic performance was still alarming.

The third wave introduces a complete package towards education. It was discussed that unfortunate families were unable to produce a conducive learning experience for their kids when some vital issues are not been taken care of. These include health care, transportation, and social services. This approach was to help the child transition into successful adults. These comprehensive services were to be seen as a one stop shop for education and other services.

The first wave continues to be dominant due to the increased competition with other nation. It is also more dominant because globalization has called for more innovative and sophisticated services. As new inventions emerge one need to stay ahead of the game or else they will eventually be left behind. This is rather potentially dangerous to any countries survival and economic growth.

Reflection #7 EDF1005 Ancient Egypt

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #7 EDF1005
The three-fold approach to education in the ancient civilization of Egypt and Mesopotamia

Like our regular approach to education today, education in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia was somewhat similar. When we were born, we all learn the basic thing or way of survival through our parents. Still yet some of us are still taught the trades of our parents and are expected to carry this out in the future. For example some preachers expect their sons to become a preacher also. Which often this can cause problem if that son wants to choose a different path, we learn basic principle at home. Such as, expected moral how to survive and the rules of culture and what is expect of us in our society.

In ancient Egypt, the process of teaching and learning also took place at home in the early stage of child’s life. Depending on your social status it would then be determined whether you attend formal school or go through apprenticeship. However most of the learning is place through kids modeling adults. At this early stage in ancient Egypt kids’ paradigm started to form such as views of the world ritual religion and culture. They were taught ethical principle which was found in wisdom literature and they often follow in the foot step of their family. Moral standard were instilled like us in our present society today such as thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s house. There are three main approaches to education back then.

Apprenticeship took place through a process similar to on the job training. Depending on our master and how well you have learned, you could go on to be very successful in life. This process of apprenticeship last for about 14 years and starts at about age 9. If the child is been taught by a particular mater then he is obligated to that master. The apprentice if fed, cloth and given shelter by his master. At this stage little or no monetary fund is given to the apprentice. However at the end of the apprenticeship, depending on the master a sum so money may be given to the apprentice.

Temple unlike in our society had a different meaning and purpose. In Egypt, it was a sacred sanctuary, where only priest enter and the sacred rites and ceremonies were performed. They were house of instruction and sons were brought to the school for scribe. In Mesopotamia, temple where the most sophisticated buildings. It was build for recreation; they were high and were thought of as ascending to God. It was also said it was done to raise the city above the life of the city below.

Through civilization and new inventions schools have developed to be a center of learning in society. Education has been through many stages and is still going under fine tuning. But will this developmental cycle stop?

Reflection #6 EDF2085 the “Little Rock Nine”

Samantha Clarke

Reflection #6 EDF2085 the “Little Rock Nine”

In just a few years it would seems, multicultural education was never an option. The though would have been rather offensive to some people as the poor or colored were never consider worthy of such privileges. The journey to multicultural education was one of bloody turmoil which have caused many innocent men, women and children to loose their lives. Families were torn apart without the consideration of the long term effect this may have caused. Beautiful men and women were looked upon as properties and as the scum of society. They were misused, mistreated and abuse, even though they were the one performing the transition to civilization. The rise of segregation has emerged rapidly as the rich tried to get richer while climbing on the backs of others. This greed has lead to many devastation and sabotages of the colored.

Even though many efforts were made to combat equal rights and justice, influential authorities would pass various laws that would restrict the smooth transition. Children were put to work people were keeping from many civil activities including going to school. They had no rights; no laws that protected them in any way accept the laws of their so called owners. However many determined individual tried to push for a change.

When the Little Rock Nine thought they had a chance to go to school they were barred from been registered in a white school ‘Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas. These kids were however determined to achieve their freedom to be registered at the school. Many battles have been fought which in the long run became successful and open many door. Certainly I cannot, explain how these kids felt, but for sure I would have fought to the end. The insulting slurs would have probably made me feel less of myself and pushed me to quit, but thank God they did not quit. I am sure question about my identity would have emerged and a felling of not belonging to America would have faced me on such a journey. This injustice was overwhelming to these kinds and sure enough would have been for me.

Reflection #5 EDF2085 culture and incultration competence

Samantha Clarke
EDF2085 reflection #5

Culture and Intercultural Competence

Culture is one complex topic! However we all are involved in culture individually or collectively and we all act and behave according to what we have learnt through culture. In my opinion, the term culture may be defined as the social norms to which a particular group identifies with, it shape the way they think, act and believe and also how they view and interact with others outside their group or culture. This article is a reflection of the readings culture: creating context 2 and intercultural competences. I will share what insight I have gained through reading these article.

Upon reading these articles I have come to realize how complex culture can become. It is rather a sensitive subject when it comes to understanding other and their beliefs. One can never fathom the true essence and sacredness of another culture unless they have developed intercultural competence. This leads me to ask the question, can any one-person become completely intercultrally competent? It is often believe by one group or another that their culture is distinct and superior to other culture. However on the other hand no one culture is independent of the other. The human spirit has to interact with others and other culture in order to form the true foundation of their culture. Each one teachers the other, or the other pushes each one to the extent of their beliefs or norms.

A country as the United States of America might have never though of the implications of culture and cultural influences. In our schools today teachers are faced with the complexity of multiculturalism. Classrooms are now so diverse that in order to accommodate each student an understanding of culture is required and in addition to acquiring this knowledge they themselves have to go through a process of transformation and then transmit this information to the coming generation. However the process of migration, enculturation and acculturation has been taking place for century and it is now that most society is dealing with it in a humane manner and integrating the understanding in our schools.

I have also learned that culture can be learned, transmitted or shared and student are often victims of enculturation, they acquire their knowledge from teaches, other students and most important their parents. Even though culture can be learned it can also be loss through various forms such as acculturation and wars just to name a few. However learning about these issues is advantageous in the understanding and interaction with others of different culture.

relection #6 EDF1005 Invention of writing and ancient civilization

SAMANTHA CLARKE
Reflection #6 EDF1005 Invention of writing and ancient civilization

Why is the invention of writing so important to the establishment of the world’s great ancient civilization? The development of various technologies evolves through early Hominoid. As one development moves to another and the social needs of these species demands more creativity a series of new inventions came about. Writing has said to begin many years ago through pictographs and ideographs. Three early writings are as follows, the cuneiform, glyphs and the modern Chinese character. Although some of these might have become obsolete they can be translated today due to the development of writing.

The invention of writing preserves many traditions, values, beliefs, culture and is significant in the evidence of the pass. Writing is a link between the early years and the present. Civilization might have started or evolves through the systems of trades. This is when the real means to communicate became rather important. This gives way to the use of token, beans, symbols and other forms that were use to communicate. The inconsistency of word and meaning actually started in ancient when symbols were use to denoted meaning that had no relatedness. Hence pictogram is transferred to symbols of sound. Today’s language, the English language to some extent can be written using sound for picture. The complexity of writing and its complicated syllable is a replica of ancient development of language, which is the integration of another or borrowed language that leads to another or the formation of another cultures writing.

Writing was crucial to the world’s great ancient civilization because it was a way of communicating in trade. It was a way of keeping records and keeping track of goods. The need for communication has developed as one country or one culture wanted to communicate with each other. The written language did not just evolve in a given day; it evolves over a series of time and transition, which has help to boost civilization. We have seen today that with out written communication there would be several hold backs. Today, invention of language has given rise to an information age which in turn open the gate to many other inventions. Even today written languages are used in trading and as many other forms.

Reflection #5 EDF1005 Initiation rites and Rites of passage

Samantha Clarke
Reflection #5 EDF1005

Initiation rites and Rites of passage

People are exposed to different types of rites of passage depending on their culture and beliefs, which makes them separate and apart from others. Most of the time, these cultures are rejected by societies, who’s views are totally opposite. Majority of the time rites of passage are affiliated with puberty and the transition process starts at puberty. According to the reading Rites and Rites of Passage, this is the stage of entering manhood. At this stage children or youngster are put to various tests that should prepare them for the real world; however in some unfortunate cases some of these kids end up loosing their lives are become victims of trauma. Sometimes young boys are taken through erotic processes which is said to be good for them and is necessary for them to become men. While this is sacred to that culture others view this as an act homosexually and totally reject even the thought.

Culture can be good in the case where good morals and values are upheld and bad in the case where humans are treated inhumanely. However, who is to say what’s right or wrong for another in another culture. Often time’s individuals of different culture view their culture to be right and most of the time the only way. In the reading mentioned previously rites of passage has two phases. Which can be the passage from one social status to another and the other that celebrates the passage of time; for example from one year to a new year.

How do the rites of passage apply to the teaching and learning? The rites of passage can be looked at as a series of stages of development and could be significant to the cycle of learning. Learning takes place through stages, so does the teaching process. The passage of rites can also help teachers to understand this truth and also to become aware of the vast variety of cultures that exist. Being aware, will facilitate in the openness and respect of these culture as the teaching and learning environment are becoming more diverse. In a diverse classroom teachers are called upon to present information and make learning accommodating to all learners, hence each teacher now need to be aware of different cultures and beliefs. Where rites of passage is concern teacher are often times present in most student life as they pass from childhood to adulthood and can make significant contribution to this passage.

EDF1005 Reflection 4 Lucy and the African Eve

Samantha Clarke
EDF1005 Reflection 4

Lucy and the African Eve

Over the years there have been many controversies about the origin the human speeches. Many individuals have come up with creative ways to try and explain human origins either through scientific or faith base. However, many question and curiosities have left major gaps which even today left some people in doubt. Evolution or creation, what do you say? This reflection will give an overview of what I have learned through reading.

According to the readings, I have learned that Technology Advancement have allowed for dramatic studies and findings about the Hominid species. Based on these finding, scientist are able to classify these species into different groups. The most major ones are the Ape group, which includes the Australopithecus (Ramidus, Afarensis, Africanus and Robustus) and the ones we are most concerned with the Human Homo (Habilis, Erectus’ and Sapiens). As new finding and more sophisticated technoloies evolve scientist are able to explain these early fossil remains.

It is rather interesting how scientist have tract early humans; one significant finding that I have learned about is the findings of Lucy. The Australopithecus Afarensis was the earliest Hominid species know, until 1995. They live about 4 to 3 million years ago. About 300 hundred fragments were found which include the complete structure of Lucy. .Afarensis is classified as an Ape, but closely related to human beings in terms of body structure. It is said that Lucy resembled a chimpanzee. They lived in the forest and their teeth structure indicate an omnivorous diet.

It is evident that these various species went under a series of transformation, from the early ape ancestries to the present human beings. It is believed that human came from Africa and that the early species spread to different parts of the world and peopled it. Even today Nuclear DNA are still showing significant finding as to the origins of human and their link to early species. They have linked HIV to be originated in Africa and argue that the chromosome 12 existed in African humans more than other non-African humans.

I have always heard about evolution but have never taken the time to study it. Based on these reading I have not change my views on human origin but it has opened my eyes to looking at evolution in another light.

Reflection 3 edf1005 Approaches to Multicultural Education

Approaches to Multicultural Education

Education and multiculturalism has come a long way, and based on the country or where you are from you will have different experiences. Today multiculturalism has become a common topic in our society, hence the development of approaches to a multicultural education. This reflection is geared to give an overview of multicultural education in my elementary and secondary school and what approach was used. I will also share my views on what approach I would have loved to see introduced then.

Depending on the country or where you are from you will have different experiences when it comes to multiculturalism. Back in the late nineteenth century, I attended school in Jamaica where our classrooms were filled with all Jamaican. Diversity was not experienced as it is in the American classroom. However, little diversity was found in the society itself, and as the culture is, there wasn’t much cultural or diversity issues. On the other hand where disability is concern, these children were not sent to school. They would often stay home and to some extent hidden from society. Parents felt ashamed to be the parent of a disabled child and never saw the need to educate them.

The approach taken in the classroom though, was more similar to the contributive and additive approach. Students were taught about national heroes as well as foods and festivals. To an extent the additive approach would often take the form of celebrating and educating about special holidays or accomplishment. For example, National Heroes day or Independence Day, were studied a week or two prior to the celebrated day.

If I had the choice to choose the approach teachers used in my elementary and secondary years I would have chosen the Social Action approach. Even though there wasn’t much diversity in my country or classroom, an additive approach would have given students options in making decision pertaining to social issues and help in solving them. Students would learn to view issues from multiple perspectives and sensitivity towards certain social issues would have been developed. Students would have given a chance to explore different cultures and in return become more sensitive towards different racial, ethnic, culture and groups, and more specific to there country, the lack of understanding when it come to disabilities and difference of backgrounds.

As the world become more multicultural, the need for adjustment and transformation I required. Teachers do have a lot of responsibility and accountability but as they transform and reinvent themselves, not only they will be ahead of their game but also their task will become much easier.

Reflection 4 Why a diversity course?

Why a diversity course?

We would think that the need for a diversity course is unimportant and that we are aware of the fact that we are all different in some ways. But, is that the only issues underling diversity? How prepared are we as teacher in a diverse classroom? This paper will discuss the case study “Samantha Carter’s Diversity Class” and why she needs to take a diversity course. I will discuss issues about experience that might have leaded me to think that I am well-prepared for diversity and in what am I prepared.

Despite the experiences that Sam had with teaching and interacting with different types of student; she also needs to be knowledgeable about diversity in order to be an effective teacher. Our world is changing rapidly and more and more cultures, beliefs, religion and disabilities are found in the classroom of today. In order for real learning to take place and the accommodation of all students to be considered, a teacher must be aware of these differences. The real effect will take place after becoming more knowledgeable and one is able to reinvent their thinking and perception to accommodate each student. Because we all learn differently, which is based on the differences in culture, abilities and perception but not limited to these few, Sam will have to be able to incorporate various skills to include all these learners. There will be the need for the ability to improve and encourage intergroup and intragroup interaction and how to transmit intercultural understanding and skills to students. Adversity course will aid in the understanding of social and cultural changes and to understand culture, learning and culture learning processes.

Am I well-prepared for diversity? Or will anyone be well-prepared for diversity? I will not say that I am well-prepared for diversity as this is an ongoing preparation. However I have become aware of the social and cultural difference and to some extent accepting and tolerating people of difference. I am coming to a deeper understanding of cultural and social change through my present diversity class. I have also experience diversity in my classroom as a student but not from a teacher’s perspective. However I will be introduced to such an experience further on in the course through service learning.

In summary, in a multicultural ever-changing society, a diversity class is important to all teachers. This will enable them to be competent in the teaching and learning process. It is also one way to educate the coming generation about multicultural awareness and to accommodate different type of learners.

reflection 3 edf2085

Paradigm

What are paradigms and paradigm shifts? We are all are influenced by paradigm and paradigm shifts in some way or another. How do we formulate our ideas? Are these ideas ours or just the result of someone else’s imposed perception? This article is aimed at helping the reader understand the term paradigm and paradigm shift. I will discuss my personal paradigm shift and why it is important for teacher to experience it.

According to the article Frames, paradigm and paradigm shift, “everything we think, feel or do is shaped by our paradigms including how we perceive and interpret our selves and our reality”. This is done through and organized sequence; one that is able to integrate our observations and assumptions that we formed through our experiences. This is then the backbone of our perception one that is hard to change unless been lived with and explored. This change of perception if taken place is termed as paradigm shift. Paradigm Shift occurs after we have lived with and explored our perception, we might change based on new knowledge gained or new experience. Dated back to ancient times we have seen where many paradigm shifts took place which lead to new concepts or inventions that has passed down to our present generation. In our schools and society today, where technology, globalization cultural pluralism is intertwined a new type of paradigm is emerging. People are now learning to accept and tolerate others with difference of culture, sexuality, religion and beliefs just to name a few. Hence the evidence that we are all subject to paradigm and paradigm shifts.

It is amazing the way our formed paradigms can influence the out come of our live, what we do, how we think and see the world. I remember growing up as a child and going through school, I had not developed a real reason for going. I was at school everyday early because I had to but still had no purpose, no plans for the future and no set goal. As a result of this no effort was made to do well in school rather it was not important to me. Hence I never saw the importance of education. I also developed the concept that I couldn’t achieve anything better than a grade “C” on my test. Well this all change when I started interacting with people who valued education. I was around friends who were going to college and had a purpose in life. This is when I started putting one and two together and have come to realize the importance of education. I also came to change my perception about test grades. This paradigm shift had opened a whole new door for me. I now see things differently and respond to situations differently. My whole perception of live have bee changed.

A paradigm shift does not only affect your personal life but also the way you see and interact with the world. As teacher it is of vital importance that each one experiences a paradigm shift. This will influence the way they perceive students as it relates to difference in culture, religion, background and beliefs. This is rather an important requirement in a diverse population.

In summary paradigm and paradigm shift shapes the way you see and interact with the world. Personal paradigm shift I a transformation and reinventing of ones self and the way we see the world. A change happen because we no longer belief what we use to.

Reflection #2 EDF2085 Transformation and Multiculturalism

Transformation and Multiculturalism

In a multicultural society where people form all around the world have brought with them their differences of belief, perception, religion, history, values and social preference; call for the needs of teacher to respect such intricacies. However, in order to be able to achieve such a task a process of transformation is vital. This essay will give a general idea of transformation and how it relates to the teaching and learning process and any one perusing career in teaching.

Transformation has been a cycle that has been around for centuries. The term transformation as is it relates to this content is defined as, the ability to reinvent ones self to accept and tolerate living in a culture that is vastly different from that which is the norm to us and as a result accepts and embrace human differences. Transformation is a complex process and at times can be intensively difficult to accomplish. Some of the major steps taken towards the succession of transformation include revolution, alteration, conversion and makeover. To obtain an accomplishment as this one has to develop specific skills in areas such as tolerance, acceptance and the more dreaded of all the ability to change. Transformation in this case has to do with multicultural awareness and conversion. As a teacher it is important to understand the various facets that entail transformation in order to be proficient and victorious in the teaching and learning process.

Transformation is a fundamental aspect to a multicultural classroom and society. As preconception plays an integral role in the faculties of the mind it therefore calls for some form of eradication and transformation. For teacher or any personnel perusing a teaching profession multicultural awareness is very important. Knowledge of why people are different, in the way they think, act and the difference in culture will shed some light into how important it is to reconstruct the way we think about other with difference. Teacher will be better able to deal with issue of judging and preconception. Lessons will be less bias and more integration and consideration will take place. Educators will become more susceptible to change and the need for transformation; as a result creating an atmosphere of acceptance, tolerance and compassion.

In conclusion, I have come to realize the need for self re-evaluation as I peruse studies in the teaching field. It is clear that transformation as a necessity in the field of education the society at large. Through being transformed teachers can influence and guide students in becoming multicultural aware which will help to alleviate some of these related issue.

Reflection #1 EDF2085 Change is constant

Change is constant

Change is constant” as once said by a writer. This is evident in our ever changing society today. America can be said to be one of the most diverse country and a by-product of change in itself. Change can be date back to million years ago if we should study the history of human and inventions. After reading this passage you will understand why I endorse the statement “change is constant”. I will give a brief overview of what I have read on the topics prehistoric use of fire by human and the invention of wheel and writing. I will then discuss the relevance of why a pre-teaching inter should have a knowledge of these basics.

According to the excerpt, “prehistoric human use of fire” human have been proven to have gone through many transformations as it relates to stages of Homo. The Homo Erectus have been said to be the first of the Homo’s use and control fire, based on either their observation of the effects of wildfire or just a mere trial and error. Regardless of the acquisition of their discovery, they have taken the use of fire through many stages. I believe as their social needs became more demanding and there knowledge increase their use for fire became more important; from the use of cooking to the production of heat and a source of defense. What ever the usage may be, they happened in a series of increments, and over the years the use of fire became commonplace.

Through observation and social need came the invention of wheel. This may be seen as a process of change and transformation. The invention of the wheel was made possible through these early human’s observing the stages of change a log or stick went through as they try to transport heavy objects. Based on these observation and new discoveries alterations were made and hence the invention of the wheel. It is evident in such early years that the process of learning toke place in stages. This early invention may have given way to most modern transportation.

Writing has said to come about though the need for communication. In ancient day objects and picture were used as a symbol of communication. Which again through stages of change and incremental development have progress to our modern day script. It is interesting to know that through the integration of different symbols in a structured sequence communication through writing have become an integral part of our societies. Writing it self have gone through many stages of change and transformation, from using symbols such as stones, grains and pictures to communicate and now the written language. All of these transformations are link to some aspect of social need.

It is important for pre-teaching interns to have a basic understanding of prehistoric changes, transformations and inventions as it relates to fire, wheel and writing. This might be seen some what abstract but it is very relevant to new teachers. Knowledge of these developments will aid in there understanding of why change is necessary at times and could be smooth in transition, While on the other hand may be very difficult. These changes that are mentioned previously are all interrelated socially and are vital in understanding that change is constant. As a result of this teachers will be better equipped to accept changes and become more open in allowing their perceptions, values and behavior to be transformed. Teaching in a multicultural environment calls for an integration of creativity and a cultural and social understanding. Making a roadway for a more successful teaching and learning experience.

Reflection #2 EDF1005Paradigms and Paradigm Shift

Samantha Clarke

Paradigms and Paradigm Shift

For centuries early human went through a series of paradigm shift. The term Paradigm may be defined as the way human perceive the word. Many inventions were as a result of early human perception. In several different stages human have moved through a process of paradigm shifts. This article will discuss the position on how man’s various inventions have changed the way man think learns and sees the word. I will then share my views on the subject.

Intervention has been through many changes simultaneously to the human development and paradigm shifts. Different interventions were as a result of change perception and new experiences; from the control of fire and its use to the invention of tools, wheels and sharing socialization. As time pass it left behind the need of social change. From cooking food in the ground to a more sophisticated stove of the twenty first century. This invention in reverse help to shape the way man thinks, in that they have become more open to ne invention, exploration constantly inventing new things. Our societies today are slaves to invention, for example the enormous gather and champing out to quire some new gadget that has just been introduced to the market. They are constantly looking toward and anticipating new invention.

It is evident that by now man have realized that they are living in an ever changing world and nothing stays constant except for change itself. New inventions assist in faster learning, and the production of new knowledge. Man has come to view the world through more compromised eyes. The have come to accept new fact and realities and if the needs be the will be a re-evaluation of self.

From my perspective change is constant and new invention is unchanging. The need to reevaluate ones self is of utmost importance, a much needed thing in the present society. After several years of experience and observation of change I came to realized that I am as a result a new person. The way I think, my religious beliefs values and attitude have been changing and that is constant.

Relection 1 edf1005 Timeline of Teachers Preparation

Samantha Clarke


Timeline of Teachers Preparation


Teachers, the backbone of any nation is a commonly discussed issue in the world today. Many controversies have arrived over the years pertaining to many areas of the teaching field; some of which are but not limited to salary, professionalism and the process of educating or training teachers. Upon reading this article you will become aware of the evolution of the teacher preparation programs from colonial times to present. In addition to this, there will be a discussion on the reform efforts of the 1980’s and the controversial role of Teach for America (TFA) in the preparation of teachers.

The teaching profession has evolved formally since the late mid nineteenth century. Even today there are controversial issues arguing its professionalism. Before the 1980’s teaching have been seen as a temporary job, and is often done by indentured servants paying for passage to America and only workers in academics and Latin grammar got some college education more so in Europe than America. Knowledge of teaching skills were never a pre-requisite to become a teacher.

After little succession in the classroom education sank and hence the quest for ways to improve teaching skills. By the 1923 Reverend Samuel Hall came up with a more professional approach for training teachers. This gave way to the establishment of the Normal School, the first teacher education school in America. Following this, Horace Mann established the first state recognized school in America. This provide a two year training in academic subjects and teaching methodology. As the years went by, the need for more well trained teachers arrived and Normal school increases the number of years for teaching programs. By this time teaching institution became popular and more institutions such as colleges and universities started offering teaching programs and many others.

Even though Colleges and Universities were offering teaching programs, there were alternative route to the field. This was done through students seeking licensure through structured apprenticeship; a supported movement by Teach for America (TFA). Many influential individuals thought that this was not a professional approach and that teachers demand adequate training to be competent in teaching in the present society. How can one shape the society for a better tomorrow with out being competent in what they do? Students need a firm foundation in the early stages of their lives because this is what will help shape them for the future ahead.

Teach for America might help to fill a gap in the areas where there is a shortage of teachers but what about the damage the might potentially cause. For example, how will a teacher with relate to cultural issues and differences in the classroom if they were not thought how to. Until recently, I was ignorant to the fact that trained teachers are a necessity. I thought that by knowing a subject area would be good enough to become a Elementary Teacher. Through reading, I discovered a whole different point of view to the profession.

Like any profession teachers should receive adequate training in order to become competent teachers of tomorrow. An understanding however by society, will to clarify such a need. Many are negative towards teachers and their competence but a thorough look is need on the evolution of teachers. Then the long cherished perception about teacher may be clarified.